A few such benefits listed by the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) include maintaining healthy weight, lowering stress levels, improving mood, and increasing motor coordination, as well as a number of benefits related to cognition and memory formation. Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and joint pain. However, alternative treatment options are being explored because consistent compliance by users of CPAP devices is a problem. Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep. Add a comment. Night terrorsresult in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Disorganized Thinking. Shock: Signs, Causes, and Types - Healthline Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. It may seem counterintuitive that stimulant medications are prescribed to treat a disorder that involves hyperactivity, but the therapeutic effect comes from increases in neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. The following morning, he awoke to barking dogs and unfamiliar voices from downstairs. Common definitions of health include: a. optimal weight and endurance. Therefore, it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment. Caffeine is another stimulant drug. In addition to withdrawal, many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders will also develop tolerance to these substances. This disorder is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons disease. In the central nervous system, it plays a role in arousal and reward mechanisms. This discomfort is relieved by deliberately moving the legs, which, not surprisingly, contributes to difficulty in falling or staying asleep. Some animals never sleep (e.g., some fish and amphibian species); other animals sleep very little without apparent negative consequences (e.g., giraffes); yet some animals (e.g., rats) die after two weeks of sleep deprivation (Siegel, 2008). A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. This can lead to people compulsively using stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, in part to try to reestablish the persons physical and psychological pre-use baseline. These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. Nicotine is highly addictive, and the use of tobacco products is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers. It is quite possible that sleep serves no single universally adaptive function, and different species have evolved different patterns of sleep in response to their unique evolutionary pressures. One way that this happens involves traveling across multiple time zones. While we have discussed the negative outcomes associated with sleep deprivation, it should be pointed out that there are many benefits that are associated with adequate amounts of sleep. 3. However, when a stimulant drug was used in conjunction with a popular antidepressant, her condition improved dramatically. For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. Guilleminault et al. Acute alcohol administration results in a variety of changes to consciousness. The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. For example, people who undergo chemotherapy will often be prescribed marijuana to stimulate their appetites and prevent excessive weight loss resulting from the side effects of chemotherapy treatment. a - a mole that looks cancerous. In contrast, a person who haspsychological dependencehas an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress. These episodes can last 1020 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. These effects can occur as a function of accumulated sleep debt or in response to more acute periods of sleep deprivation. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur. Yarmila Falaters body was found in the familys pool with 44 stab wounds. QUIZ 1 EXTRA STUDY .docx - QUIZ 1 STUDY GUIDE HELP PLUS Elements that are known to make PTSD more likely are the following: Perceived life threat Personal injury Interpersonal violence, particularly perpetrated by a caregiver Past and present vulnerability, including genetics, childhood trauma, insufficient emotional support, concurrent causes of stress Example: Childhood abuse and rape Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. Dopamine activity is often associated with reward and craving; therefore, drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability. Whilecaffeineis generally considered a relatively safe drug, high blood levels of caffeine can result in insomnia, agitation, muscle twitching, nausea, irregular heartbeat, and even death (Reissig, Strain, & Griffiths, 2009; Wolt, Ganetsky, & Babu, 2012). While it is probably the most commonly used drug in the world, the potency of this particular drug pales in comparison to the other stimulant drugs described in this section. Many of these processes, like much of psychological behavior, are rooted in our biology. 0. Sore throat. Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders Although she had been taking a prescription antidepressant, her symptoms of depression continued to worsen and she began to suffer physically, displaying significant warning signs of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Has something like this ever happened to you? As scary as it sounds, many sleep researchers believe that homicidal sleepwalking is possible in individuals suffering from the types of sleep disorders described below (Broughton et al., 1994; Cartwright, 2004; Mahowald, Schenck, & Cramer Bornemann, 2005; Pressman, 2007). However, all of their somnambulistic patients who also suffered from sleep-related breathing problems showed a marked decrease in sleepwalking when their breathing problems were effectively treated. The fifth edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition(DSM-5) is used by clinicians to diagnose individuals suffering from various psychological disorders. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. These include daydreaming, intoxication, and unconsciousness due to anesthesia. In addition, sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. Indeed, we know sleep deprivation results in disruptions in cognition and memory deficits (Brown, 2012), leading to impairments in our abilities to maintain attention, make decisions, and recall long-term memories. In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. This is an important factor because we can develop tolerance and experience withdrawal from any number of drugs that we do not abuse. Some people also experience altered states of consciousness through meditation, hypnosis, or alcohol and other drugs. We spend approximately one-third of our lives sleeping. Large-scale public health campaigns by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse have led to recent declines in the opioid crisis. By the late 19th century, German psychiatrist SigmundFreudhad become convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious. Although individuals suffering from night terrors appear to be awake, they generally have no memories of the events that occurred, and attempts to console them are ineffective. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. Caffeine is found in many common medicines (such as weight loss drugs), beverages, foods, and even cosmetics (Herman & Herman, 2013). Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous leveleven to the point of overdose and death. Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). During this time, an individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. While individuals suffering from sleep apnea may not be aware of these repeated disruptions in sleep, they do experience increased levels of fatigue. Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). Insomnia, a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders. (credit sleeping: modification of work by Ryan Vaarsi). describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. (credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk), video about circadian rhythms and how they affect sleep, video that gives sleep tips for college students, video about the relationship between sleep and memory, instructional video about using Buddhist meditation techniques to alleviate stress, video about the results of a brain imaging study in individuals who underwent specific mindfulness meditative techniques, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly), Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. Narcoleptic episodes take on other features of REM sleep. Withdrawal from opioids includes pain, which patients often misinterpret as pain caused by the problem that led to the original prescription, and which motivates patients to continue using the drugs. Complications. The chapter will close with discussions of altered states of consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. While this is an intuitive explanation of sleep, there is little research that supports this explanation. Scott Falater had a history of regular episodes of sleepwalking as a child, and he had even behaved violently toward his sister once when she tried to prevent him from leaving their home in his pajamas during a sleepwalking episode. This section will present information relating to the use of various psychoactive drugs and problems associated with such use. Contrary to popular belief, individuals undergoing hypnosis usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors. Body temperature rises throughout the waking day, peaking in the afternoon, and falls during sleep with the lowest point occurring during the very early morning hours. Psychological dependence, or drug craving, is a recent addition to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general. Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams. Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt (Hicks, Fernandez, & Pelligrini, 2001; Hicks, Johnson, & Pelligrini, 1992; Miller, Shattuck, & Matsangas, 2010), chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. While hypnosis is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform meditation alone. People who suffer from this disorder can injure themselves or their sleeping partners when engaging in these behaviors. This created a black market for the drug, where prices soared to $80 or more for a single pill. As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. Sleep is characterized by certain patterns of activity of the brain that can be visualized using electroencephalography (EEG), and different phases of sleep can be differentiated using EEG as well. How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? This section will describe several sleep disorders as well as some of their treatment options. Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep. In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations. week 3 midterm 1.docx - Question 1 1 / 1 pts John has been Our sleep-wake cycle, which is linked to our environments natural light-dark cycle, is perhaps the most obvious example of a circadian rhythm, but we also have daily fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature. Stick to a sleep schedule, even on the weekends. You were capable of engaging in the all of the complex tasks involved with operating a motor vehicle even though you were not aware of doing so. It may surprise you to know that sleep deprivation is associated with obesity, increased blood pressure, increased levels of stress hormones, and reduced immune functioning (Banks & Dinges, 2007). Inflammation has many causes, including infections, injuries, and diseases. Loss of appetite. These synthetic drugs are so potent that even small doses can cause overdose and death. Sleep deprivation, in general, is associated with a number of negative consequences (Brown, 2012). Acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter in motor neurons. The three types of sleep apnea are central apnea, obstructive apnea (OSA), and a mixture of central and obstructive apnea. The researchers showed that these states correspond to distinct strategies, and then they identified . Often, however, people wishing to learn to meditate receive some training in techniques to achieve a meditative state. Some research suggests that species that face higher predatory risks sleep fewer hours than other species (Capellini et al., 2008), while other researchers suggest there is no relationship between the amount of time a given species spends in deep sleep and its predation risk (Lesku, Roth, Amlaner, & Lima, 2006). Normal brain functioning is altered after repeated use of these drugs. The clock sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina. Weakness and fatigue. Sleepis a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness. Jet lag is a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. Social programs like Medicare: a - offer health coverage for the older adults 24. Following the initial rush, users experience 46 hours of going on the nod, alternating between conscious and semiconscious states. Homeostasis (article) | Human body systems | Khan Academy Acircadian rhythmis a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? The participant is encouraged to use his or her imagination. Heroin can be snorted, smoked, or injected intravenously. c. are influenced by peer pressure, often leading to unhealthful or unsafe behaviors. As part of treatment, the sleeping environment is often modified to make it a safer place for those suffering from RBD (Zangini, Calandra-Buonaura, Grimaldi, & Cortelli, 2011). Cognitive-behavioral therapyis a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors. Insudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies. They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light. It is also common for these types of drugs to cause hallucinations of body sensations (e.g., feeling as if you are a giant) and a skewed perception of the passage of time. Historically, hypnosis has been viewed with some suspicion because of its portrayal in popular media and entertainment (Figure 4.20). Is it absolutely essential that we sleep? The heart rate slows . Codeineis an opioid with relatively low potency. It seems like everyone knows a friend, family member, or neighbor who has died of an overdose. LINK TO LEARNING: To learn more about some of the most commonly abused prescription and street drugs, check out the, LINK TO LEARNING: Feeling stressed? You have read that sleep is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness. Generally, and for most people, our circadian cycles are aligned with the outside world. Some people who have injected many times into their arms will show track marks, while other users will inject into areas between their fingers or between their toes, so as not to show obvious track marks and, like all abusers of intravenous drugs, have an increased risk for contraction of both tuberculosis and HIV. Ahallucinogenis one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences (Figure 4.18). Avoid anything stimulating for an hour before bed. This treatment option has proven to be effective for people suffering from mild to severe cases of sleep apnea (McDaid et al., 2009). To date, people have used a variety ofnicotinereplacement therapies in addition to various psychotherapeutic options in an attempt to discontinue their use of tobacco products. The brain waves associated with REM sleep, outlined in the red box in (a), look very similar to those seen (b) during wakefulness. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? If we have biological rhythms, then is there some sort ofbiological clock? The hypnogram below (Figure 4.12) shows a persons passage through the stages of sleep. Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). In some cases, though, there may be no symptoms of inflammation at all. Not surprisingly, insomnia treatment may take one of several different approaches. These same women were awakened during REM sleep in order to provide a detailed account of their dream content. Popular portrayals of hypnosis have led to some widely-held misconceptions. There is quite a bit of controversy within the scientific community as to the extent to which marijuana might have medicinal benefits due to a lack of large-scale, controlled research (Bostwick, 2012). Despite recent changes in laws designed to make obtaining pseudoephedrine more difficult, methamphetamine continues to be an easily accessible and relatively inexpensive drug option (Shukla, Crump, & Chrisco, 2012). Test 3 (Chapter 8) Flashcards | Quizlet For instance, some people would say they are morning people, while others would consider themselves to be night owls. This section will consider these questions and explore various explanations for why we sleep. As one of their mechanisms of action, cocaine and amphetamines block the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into the presynaptic cell. Peritonitis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Try going to bed and waking up at the same time every day to keep your biological clock in sync so your body gets in the habit of sleeping every night.