Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. How do I reset my key fob after replacing the battery? What is directly proportional and inversely proportional in physics? Explore below to learn: Two quantities are directly proportional if, as one is increased, the other increases in proportion. Where intensity is measured in [{MathJax fullWidth='false' The intensity of the radiation emitted from a small isotropic source is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source, provided there is negligible absorption or scattering of the radiation by the medium through which it passes. If the source is 2x as far away, it's 1/4 as much exposure. Direct square proportion is the relationship between two things in which the quantity of one is directly proportional to the square of the other. Though maybe they should add math for a whole page and just show the answers next to the questions idk. F = kq1 q2 r2 F = k q 1 q 2 r 2 Where, F: Electrostatic force k: Coulomb's constant q1, q2: Magnitude of the point charges r: Distance of separation between the charges SI Unit: Newton or N Let P be the total power radiated from a point source (for example, an omnidirectional isotropic radiator). The inverse-square law is articulated as: I 1 I 2 d 2 2 d 1 2. Inverse Square Law Calculator is a free online tool that displays physical quantity or distance using the inverse square law. If one decreases, the other decreases. Direct proportion or direct variation is the relation between two quantities where the ratio of the two is equal to a constant value. It is opposite to direct proportion. So look at your distance values: If the distance increases, then I2 should be a smaller number than I1. That is the 1/r law or the inverse distance law. See: I. Bernard Cohen and George E. Smith, ed.s. Newton's law of universal gravitation follows an inverse-square law, as do the effects of electric, light, sound, and radiation phenomena. The inverse square law equation allows a direct calculation of the intensity of radiation at a predetermined distance from the source. Nam per 6. F = G m 1 m 2 r 2 where, F is the gravitational force between bodies, m1 and m2 are the masses of the bodies, r is the distance between the centres of two bodies, G is the universal gravitational constant. But, because the lingo for variation equations is so . cabo rent a car, Hey, thanks for the blog post.Thanks Again. Time- Reduce the length of time exposure occurs. 5 5. Specifically, an inverse square law says that intensity equals the inverse of the square of the distance from the source. The Inverse Square Law of Light The relationship between distance and brightness, and how astronomers measure distances to far away objects Image Credit: Splung.com Overview: We all know that a light, such as a candle or a streetlight, looks dimmer the farther away from it we get. This business term article is a stub. Convert the value of volume in gallon to, Factor 5 leiden two copies percentage calculator, How do you find the median with an even set of numbers, How to find the mean of the probability distribution, How to get the perimeter of a rectangle with the area, How to use determinant to solve system of equations, Nth term of an arithmetic or geometric sequence calculator, What is the fraction button on a sharp calculator. The Inverse Square Law Definition says that the intensity of ionizing radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of the radiation. In Physics, inverse square law is a statement which states that a given physical quantity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source to that of the physical quantity. What is direct proportion give an example? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. . direct square law. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. In this paper, we derive an equation for the distance covered by a free-falling body as a function of time valid for any arbitrary distance. First, fill in your variables: COULOMB'S INVERSE SQUARE LAW OF MAGNETISM. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Therefore, the dose is proportional to the inverse of the square of the radius. Discover the inverse square law formula and see how to calculate the intensity of radiation. 15% Rule, Inverse Square Law, & Density Maintenance Formula. When the distance from the radioactive source was doubled, the intensity is {eq}1\over4 {/eq} the strength. The law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor be destroyed. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. You maintain density by increasing mAs as distance also increases. Additionally, I am not blindly selecting the power law, and know that there are other relations might be chosen to fit the data better. In cases of emergencies, OSHA has an array of safety measures and requirements that are designed to limit exposure and monitor the effects on humans. One US gallon is equal to 3.785411784 liter. The law is particularly important in diagnostic radiography and radiotherapy treatment planning, though this proportionality does not hold in practical situations unless source dimensions are much smaller than the distance. The deviation of the exponent from 2 is less than one part in 10 15. Units of radiation exposure or radiation dose are required for this formula (R Roentgen, mR milliRoentgen, rad, rem, Gy gray, or Sv Seivert). Robert holds a BS in Geology and Nursing and has worked and developed curriculum in the H S & E field in industrial and medical settings for over 25 years. A bigger diameter means a bigger circumference. This means that if the distance is doubled, the intensity is {eq}1\over4 {/eq} of the original intensity. There are several different factors that result in designers using different approaches to solve the performance based calculations. Create your account. Inverse square law formula is used in finding distance or intensity of any given radiation. Do you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete? When obtaining a radiograph of the thoracic vertebrae, what level should be measured for the kVP setting. Moving the screen even further away spreads the light out more and reduces the brightness of the light even further. Want more. Inverse Square Law. The area A of a circle of radius r is given by the equation A = pr 2, where p is a constant. uR/hr. mA1 / mA2 = D1^2 / D2^2 A radiograph is to be made with a 72 inch SID using 12 mAs. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. The volume is calculated by multiplying two inches by two inches by two inches, that is equal to eight cubic inches. Distance-Maximize the distance from the radiation source. In this relationship, the ratio of the first to the square of the second is a constant. Inverse square law equations (b) i1/iI2 = (D2/D1)2. Gallon (US) to Liter Conversion Table 1 gal (US), 3.785411784 L, l 2 gal (US), 7.570823568 L, l 3 gal (US), 11.356235352 L, l 5 gal (US), 18.92705892 L, l. One needs to define whether or not they are speaking about the US customary gallon or the British Imperial gallon. Good example of proper utilization of the inverse square law vs. the density maintenance formula. Avogadro's law's mathematical formula can be written as: V n or V/n = k Where "V" is the volume of the gas, "n" is the amount of the gas (number of moles of the gas) and "k" is a constant for a given pressure and temperature. To shorten the scale, you decrease the kVp by 15% and increase the mAs by 100% ( or x2) Density Changes & Relationships 30% mAs Rule (Use when the density is too dark or too light.) If you need to cover a bigger area, back that light up. OSHA also has requirements for Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) that employers are required to provide and monitor. Inversely proportional variables are those in which one variable decreases with the increase in another variable and one variable increases with the decrease in another variable. However, these power equations are so commonly associated with the Ohm's Law equations relating voltage, current, and resistance (E=IR ; I=E/R ; and R=E/I) that they are frequently credited to Ohm. Using the inverse-square law we can write: I 1 I 2 ( d 2 d 1) 2 Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. This is your key term that determines we are looking for a unit of radiation intensity. Good example of proper utilization of the inverse square law vs. the density maintenance formula. One of the ways to minimize exposure is to maximize distance from the source. R/hr. The inverse-square law generally applies when some force, energy, or other conserved quantity is evenly radiated outward from a point source in three-dimensional space. where, k is the constant of proportionality. You have already seen three examples: the area of a square is directly proportional to its side length; the distance you travel varies directly as the time you have been driving; and the total cost is directly proportional to the number of pounds of strawberries you purchase. Hip AP, Unilateral Frogleg & Lat (Explanation of lateral), Inferasuperior / Axiolateral hip projection (explanation), Diffrentiate between PA and AP chest x- ray, AP ,Lateral ,PA ,PA Oblique Projection of the Thumb, Follow Medical Radiology Canada, Winnipeg on WordPress.com. Penetrability The ability of the x-ray to pass through structures and tissues. When 40" SID cannot be used, 56" requires ______ the mAs? Radiation is energy that travels from a single source at or near the speed of light. [1] Hooke's lecture "On gravity" was at the Royal Society, in London, on 21 March. Remember, these two units are distinct and separate, but related to one another. Indeed, Bullialdus maintained the sun's force was attractive at aphelion and repulsive at perihelion. For example, the intensity of radiation from the Sun is 9126 watts per square meter at the distance of Mercury (0.387 AU); but only 1367 watts per square meter at the distance of Earth (1 AU)an approximate threefold increase in distance results in an approximate ninefold decrease in intensity of radiation. Look no further than Fast Expert Tutoring. Then, according to Coulomb's law, the electrostatic force, also known as Coulomb's force, between the two charges is given by the following formula. She holds a Master's degree in Mathematics. Solve mathematical problems based on the ISL. (distance cut in half) 100 x 1/4= 25 mAs New distance: (doubles) 360cm - 100x4= 400 mAs New distance: (triples) 540cm - 100 x 9 = 900 mAs (a third) 60cm - 100 x 1/9 = 11.11 mAs Purplemath. According to Wikipedia, the Inverse Square Law can be summed up as follows: The intensity of light radiating from a point source is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from. In other words, if I double my mAs value, the radiation exposure value will double. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Time- less time spent around ionizing radiation lessens the exposure, Distance-increased distance reduces exposure. The ratio between the areas of similar figures is equal to the square of the ratio of corresponding lengths of those figures (for example, when the side of a square or the radius of a circle is multiplied by three, its area is multiplied by nine i.e. Great. This means that the cross sectional area, or the bottom of the cube, is equal to four square inches. 136 lessons. Some important physics laws like Newton's law of gravitation combine joint and inverse variations. As light rays emerge from a source, they spread out in area: Expressed mathematically: In words: The Apparent Brightness (B) of a source is inversely proportional to the square of its distance (d): Implications: Maintain EI and SNR. The inverse square law is important because ionizing radiation is harmful to humans, plants and animals. Direct square proportion is the relationship between two things in which the quantity of one is directly proportional to the square of the other. inverse square law. Cynthia Goforth has taught College and High school Mathematics for over 10 years. Create an account to start this course today. Therefore, the force of gravity becomes 4 units. This means that as the distance from a light source increases, the intensity of light is equal to a value multiplied by 1/d2,. Ryer,A. The inverse square law. Also, the original mAs and the original distance are both in the numerator direct vs. inverse.. X-rays in medical imaging are generated within an X-ray tube at the focal spot, which is where the electrons are incident onto the anode. This means that the ratio of the variables stays constant. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Direct proportion is used to calculate the cost of petrol or exchange rates of foreign money. The diagram in Figure 1 shows the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. BYJUS online inverse square law calculator tool makes the calculation faster, and it displays the solution in a fraction of seconds. Conversely, if your D1 value is larger than your D1 value, then your mAs1 value needs to be larger than your mAs2 value. To convert cm to mm, the multiplier is always 10. The question is asking What would theexposurebe ? Key word: exposure. WWW.RADTECHBOOTCAMP.COM Visit us for more Videos, Quizzes, and ARRT Mock examsThis video is from our inverse square law series.In this video, you will see ma. Hooke's gravitation was also not yet universal, though it approached universality more closely than previous hypotheses: See page 239 in Curtis Wilson (1989), "The Newtonian achievement in astronomy", ch.13 (pages 233274) in "Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics: 2A: Tycho Brahe to Newton", CUP 1989. Density Maintenance Formula This is similar to the Inverse square law formula for maintenance of radiation intensity . At large distances from the source (compared to the size of the source), this power is distributed over larger and larger spherical surfaces as the distance from the source increases. Direct proportion is the relationship between two things in which the quantity of one is directly proportional to the other, without the second quantity being squared. . What is the constant of proportionality? This example is expressed by an equation stating that the area of a circle is equal to the constant multiplied by the square of the radius. This type of radiation is found in radioactive elements like Radium and Thorium, is given off by nuclear waste, and is found in nuclear power plants. There are other ways of solving a quadratic equation instead of using the quadratic formula, such as factoring (direct factoring, grouping, AC method), completing the square, graphing and others. The force of attraction or repulsion between two electrically charged particles, in addition to being directly proportional to the product of the electric charges, is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them; this is known as Coulomb's law. (1997) The Light Measurement Handbook, Translation of the Latin quote from Kepler's, Note: Both Kepler and William Gilbert had nearly anticipated the modern conception of gravity, lacking only the inverse-square law in their description of "gravitas". Optimal density is achieved at an SID of 40 inches using 25 mAs. The Coulomb force can be calculated using the following equation: Where: F is the Coulomb force expressed in Newtons (N). For a circle, circumference = pi diameter, which is a direct relationship with pi as a constant. The inverse square law is a way of understanding something we already know on a basic level: that sounds get quieter as they travel away from their sources. Also, the original mAs and the original distance are both in the numerator - "direct" vs . The intensity of the light to an observer from a source is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from Inverse Square Law for camera, with calculator for distance In order to determine this, we need to know what kind of information the question is asking you for. Fantastic. This can be generalized to higher dimensions. As I mentioned to your previous comment, I reference the power law relation given in the literature which is being still applied since 1980s. The guiding principle of radiation safety is ALARA, which stands for "As low as reasonably achievable". The procedure to use the inverse square law calculator is as follows: Step 1: Enter the physical quantity, distance, and x for an unknown value in the respective input field, Step 2: Now click the button Calculate x to get the unknown value, Step 3: Finally, the physical quantity or distance using inverse square law will be displayed in the output field. Direct Square Law # 1 What is the inverse cube law? Found inside Page 186The formula is sometimes known as the exposure maintenance formula and is based on the principle of the inverse square law. mSv/hr. All you need to do is take the distance from the light to the subject and then inverse the square of it. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. direct square law formula maintains. Inverse square law Light energy is proportional to the square of the distance of the light source from the plant. The formula of inverse-square law is given as, I 1 d 2. Calculations #2 This module contains calculation questions that deal with transformers, turns ratio, voltage and current, and voltage rectification. The Formula: The law states that the intensity of light from a given source varies inversely with the square of the distance of the source. However, if the separation between the massive bodies is much larger compared to their sizes, then to a good approximation, it is reasonable to treat the masses as a point mass located at the object's center of mass while calculating the gravitational force. For quick approximations, it is enough to remember that doubling the distance reduces illumination to one quarter;[9] or similarly, to halve the illumination increase the distance by a factor of 1.4 (the square root of 2), and to double illumination, reduce the distance to 0.7 (square root of 1/2). Ionizing radiating is also sometimes man-made. In this relationship, the ratio of the first to the square of the second is a constant. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. To prevent dilution of energy while propagating a signal, certain methods can be used such as a waveguide, which acts like a canal does for water, or how a gun barrel restricts hot gas expansion to one dimension in order to prevent loss of energy transfer to a bullet. D2 = 60 The inverse square law ewquation states that the intensity of the radiation decreases inversely to the square of the distance from the source. The x-rays are generated within the anode . NOW YOU CAN GRAB OUR NEW WEB TRAFFIC ROBOT THAT WORKS 24/7 TO BRING YOU FREE TRAFFIC AND SUBSCRIBERS! I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. The observation that opposite charges attract while like charges repel, with a force proportional to the inverse square of distance, motivates the study of electrostatics. For example, x and y are two quantities or variables which are linked with each other directly, then we can say x y. To determine what the math problem is, you will need to look at the given information and figure out what is being asked. It maintains the mAs (technique) needed to maintain optimal density at Get Started. Bel mAs1 = 10 Notice that the value for original intensity (I1) is in the numerator, and the value for the original distance (D1) is in the denominator, thus it is inversely proportional to the square of the distance. Newton's Second Law D1 = 40 Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Radioactivity is the process of unstable atoms spontaneously giving off energy to reach a more stable state. In 16631664, the English scientist Robert Hooke was writing his book Micrographia (1666) in which he discussed, among other things, the relation between the height of the atmosphere and the barometric pressure at the surface. Consider light sources of intensity I1 and I2 at the distances d1 and d2. According to the inverse square law, the Intensity of the radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance. Where, distance is d. the intensity of the radiation is I. Best Extended Rear-facing Car Seat, Any adjustment in SID requires that what be adjusted to maintain density? The ALARA calculator on this site is more comprehensive, but sometimes this calculator is all that is required for a simple . The force is always attractive and acts along the line joining them. Much obliged. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. More generally, the irradiance, i.e., the intensity (or power per unit area in the direction of propagation), of a spherical wavefront varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source (assuming there are no losses caused by absorption or scattering). If you are close to the origin, you don't have to go far to double the radius, so the signal drops quickly. The formula is simple (contrary to popular belief). How to Use the Inverse Square Law Calculator? A source has an intensity of {eq}500 IU {/eq} at 6 feet. In general, the intensity of the radiation has a drastic drop-off in strength as the distance is increased. Your Inverse Square Law Cheat Sheet: Light close for sharper shadows, bigger catchlights and darker backgrounds. Newton acknowledged Wren, Hooke and Halley in this connection in the Scholium to Proposition 4 in Book 1 (in all editions): See for example the 1729 English translation of the. Your email address will not be published. If the distribution of matter in each body is spherically symmetric, then the objects can be treated as point masses without approximation, as shown in the shell theorem. Also, remember that radiation intensity isnotmeasured in units of mAs, so if the question is asking you for a mAs value, this is not the formula for you. But Bullialdus did not accept Kepler's second and third laws, nor did he appreciate Christiaan Huygens's solution for circular motion (motion in a straight line pulled aside by the central force). Sound pressure (amplitude) falls inversely proportional to the square of the distance 1/r 2 In a bigger room this would . It's another thing to extract the words from a word problem. ! The fractional reduction in electromagnetic fluence () for indirectly ionizing radiation with increasing distance from a point source can be calculated using the inverse-square law. If radiation spreads over a spherical area, as the radius increases, the area over which the dose is distributed increases according to A=4r 2 where A is the area and r is the radius of the sphere. Formula to SHORTEN the scale of contrast . Light far for softer shadows, smaller catchlights and brighter backgrounds. 2021 2019 jeep wrangler cup holder insert, physical and psychological changes associated with ageing, Ibm X-force Threat Intelligence Index 2021, What Are The Important Aspects Of Sales Personality. [8] X-rays can pass through human tissue and have the potential to cause damage to the body. Awesome. D1 = 72 With Decide math, you can take the guesswork out of math and get the answers you need quickly and easily. Gauss's law for gravity is similarly applicable, and can be used with any physical quantity that acts in accordance with the inverse-square relationship. Lets take a close look at each formula: In this relationship, the ratio of the first to the square of the second is a constant. Which is an example of direct square proportion? in other words, the intensity is one fourth the intensity if the distance is doubled. What new mAs would be required at a distance of 60 to maintain density? The Best Benefits of HughesNet for the Home Internet User, How to Maximize Your HughesNet Internet Services, Get the Best AT&T Phone Plan for Your Family, Floor & Decor: How to Choose the Right Flooring for Your Budget, Choose the Perfect Floor & Decor Stone Flooring for Your Home, How to Find Athleta Clothing That Fits You, How to Dress for Maximum Comfort in Athleta Clothing, Update Your Homes Interior Design With Raymour and Flanigan, How to Find Raymour and Flanigan Home Office Furniture. Ionizing radiation can cause sterility along with a host of other health problems. If you're struggling to clear up a math equation, try breaking it down into smaller, more manageable pieces. This formula is a direct square law. If x 1, y 1 are the initial values and x 2, y 2 are the final values of quantities existing in direct proportion. How to Use Inverse Square Law Calculator? ] The mathematician will tell you that the Inverse Square Law says that the intensity of a force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from that force.. You'll say, what? Montaj aer conditionat, I appreciate you sharing this post.Much thanks again. AKA the exposure maintenance formula: as SID increases, intensity decreases, causing a decrease in film exposure and density. REVIEW: Radioactive materials can give off protons, neutrons, alpha particles, and gamma particles to achieve a more stable state. Consider two light sources with intensities I 1 a n d I 2 separated by distances d 1 a n d d 2 . As the distance from the radiation source to the image receptor increases, the mAs required to maintain density (density maintenanceformula) will increase. Direct square law calculator | Math Assignments Direct square law calculator What is the Inverse Square Law Formula? You maintain density by increasing mAs as distance also increases. Thus, the inverse square law implies that the force will be "1/4" of the original 16 units. The formula used in calculations is: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. The energy or intensity decreases (divided by4) as the distance r is doubled; if measured in dB would decrease by 6.02dB per doubling of distance. It maintains the mAs (technique) needed to maintain optimal density at varying SIDs I1/I2 = (d2/d1)2 Equations An increase in kVp by 15% results in decreasing mAs by one half A decrease in kVp by 15% results in doubling your mAs. Below is a graph that demostrates the shape of a quadratic equation. An example application of the Fourier transform is determining the constituent pitches in a musical waveform.This image is the result of applying a constant-Q transform (a Fourier-related transform) to the waveform of a C major piano chord.The first three peaks on the left correspond to the frequencies of the fundamental frequency of the chord (C, E, G). financial association, wow, awesome blog.Really looking forward to read more. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Direct Square Law Formula. A = r2. How do low contrast images differ from high contrast images? The beam divergence leads to the inverse square law in x-ray imaging. In this type of proportion, the two quantities change by the same factor. A physical law stating that the intensity of a force, field, illumination, etc., decreases as the square of the distance between the source and the point at which they are measured is an inverse square law. The frequency of a spectral line in the characteristics X-ray spectrum varies directly as the square of the atomic number of the element emitting it. Therefore, the dose is proportional to the inverse of the square of the radius. Since the surface area of a sphere (which is4r2) is proportional to the square of the radius, as the emitted radiation gets farther from the source, it is spread out over an area that is increasing in proportion to the square of the distance from the source. To solve this, formula (2) from above is used. Sv/hr. $$\frac{I_1}{15IU}=\frac{(5m)^2}{(1m)^2}\\ (I_1)(1m^2)=(15IU)(25m^2)\\ I_1=\frac{(15IU) (25m^2)}{1m^2)}\\ =375IU $$. Square-Law Current in Saturation Current stays at maximum (where VDS = VGS - VTn = VDS,SAT) Measurement: ID increases slightly with increasing VDS model with linear "fudge factor" ( ) 2 DS DoxGST DS W V ICVV V L =, ( )( ) 2 GS T DS sat ox GS T GS T W VV ICVV VV L = 2, ( ) 2 ox DS sat GS T W C IVV L = 2 . .mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}This article incorporates public domain material from .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Federal Standard 1037C.