Beginning about 30 million years ago, so much of the Farallon Plate was consumed by subduction that the Pacific and North American plates were in contact, forming the San Andreas transform plate boundary in western California. The map shows the major tectonic plates that compose Earth's crust and upper mantle Arrows indicate direction of plate movement and the size of the arrows indicate rate of movement. The Cocos Plate Examine the interactive globe. Layers of sand and mud, deposited on the ocean floor and later turned into the sedimentary rocks sandstone and shale, are seen above the pillows. This map shows the Juan de Fuca (JDF) and Explorer Plates off the coast of Vancouver Island. Like Mt. A subduction zone will develop, and the oceanic plate will begin to descend under the continent. Redoubt Volcano Wrangell (left) and Mt. The Cascades form above the line where the subducting plate extends to depths where it heats up, dehydrates and causes magma to form. At an ocean-continent convergent boundary, the oceanic plate is pushed under the continental plate in the same manner as at an ocean-ocean boundary. A series of explosions and ash clouds from the peak between 1914 and 1921 represents the last large volcanic eruption within the lower 48 states prior to Washingtons Mt. Final answer. Mount Rainier. During the same period, the Atlantic Ocean began to open up between northern Africa and North America, and India broke away from Antarctica. Crater Lake. Rainier in Washington, Mt. What type of plate boundary is between the Nazca and Cocos Plate? Roughly 3.2 million square kilometres (1.2 million square miles) in area, the Caribbean Plate borders the North American Plate, the South American Plate, the Nazca Plate and the Cocos Plate. Yosemite Valley and Half Dome. Lake Clark National Park and Preserve contains an active composite volcano with a profile and recent history reminiscent of Mt. Mazama that formed Crater Lake. Most of the igneous rocks were manufactured in the ocean and are basalt. Feature labels. Point Reyes National Seashore and Golden Gate National Recreation Area are the only two NPS sites that are right on the San Andreas Fault. There is commonly an ocean trench along the boundary. (Note that spreading rates are typically double the velocities of the two plates moving away from a ridge.). Now you should see color coded lines that are the plate boundaries, and the names of Earth's major plates. Examples of ocean-ocean convergent zones are subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the North America Plate south of Alaska (Aleutian Islands) and beneath the Philippine Plate west of the Philippines, subduction of the India Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate south of Indonesia, and subduction of the Atlantic Plate beneath the Caribbean Plate (see Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Cocos plate - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This plate is moving north east towards the Eurasia plate. Three others, Aniakchak National Monument, Katmai National Park, and Lake Clark National Park, are farther inland, along the active volcanic arc. Subduction of the Farallon Plate beneath the entire West Coast created a line of volcanoes from Alaska to Central America. They contain explosive volcanoes formed as fluids rise from the top of the subducting plate and generate magma as they melt their way to the surface. Granite rocks found in national parks in the Sierra Nevada are the cooled and eroded remnants of magma chambers that fed ancient subduction zone volcanoes in California. The west side of California is moving north, and the east side is moving south. But parks in the Cascade Mountains within the same subduction zone are dramatically different. Imagine if Mt. Forty million years ago, a large tectonic plate, known as the Farallon Plate, was between the Pacific and North American plates. The vent was the source for most of the ash and pyroclastic flows expelled during the 1912 eruptions, and has since filled with a lava dome known as Novarupta. Similarly the South American Plate extends across the western part of the southern Atlantic Ocean, while the European and African plates each include part of the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Likewise, individual volcanic eruptions may add only a thin layer to the surface. Another divergent plate boundary is the East Pacific Rise, which separates the massive Pacific plate from the Nazca, Cocos, and North American plates. Divergent boundaries are spreading boundaries, where new oceanic crust is created from magma derived from partial melting of the mantle caused by decompression as hot mantle rock from depth is moved toward the surface (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). Cocos Plate; Type: Minor: Approximate area: 2,900,000 km 2: Movement 1: north-east: Speed 1: 67 mm/year: . Subduction zones occur when one or both of the tectonic plates are composed of oceanic crust. Convergent boundaries, where two plates are moving toward each other, are of three types, depending on whether oceanic or continental crust is present on either side of the boundary. Note that the dark blue line does not run further up the coast. These mega-earthquakes occur every 200 to 600 years or so, and the last one was in the year 1700. The North American Plate is one of the slowest, averaging around 1 cm/y in the south up to almost 4 cm/y in the north. Since there are convection currents in the mantle,. Katmai National Park and Preserve lies where the worlds largest volcanic event of the 20th Century occurred. The series of hot spots that has been identified in the Atlantic Ocean may also have existed for several hundred million years, and thus may have contributed to rifting in roughly the same place on at least two separate occasions (Figure \(\PageIndex{13}\)). 10.4 Plate, Plate Motions, and Plate Boundary Processes Off the Pacific coast, the Cocos plate is subducted beneath both the North American and Caribbean plates, which are separated by a sinistral transcurrent boundary. Subduction zones form where a plate with thinner (less-buoyant) oceanic crust descends beneath a plate with thicker (more-buoyant) continental crust. There are also numerous small plates (e.g., Juan de Fuca, Cocos, Nazca, Scotia, Philippine, Caribbean), and many very small plates or sub-plates. This plate includes the northeastern part of the Atlantic ocean, all of Europe, all of Russia (except its most eastern part), and down through southeast Asia, including China and Indonesia. The North American Plate is one of the slowest, averaging around 1 cm/y in the south up to almost 4 cm/y in the north. Crater Lake National Park has the 9th deepest lake in the world. It formed millions of years ago when the Farallon Plate split into the Cocos Plate and the Nazca Plate.. By 50 Ma, Australia had separated from Antarctic, and shortly after that, India collided with Asia. Mazama, Aniakchak no longer holds a large lake because the caldera wall is breached. Once youve named most of the plates, draw arrows to show the general plate motions. Plate borders the North American Plate, the South American Plate, the Nazca Plate and the Cocos Plate. National Park Service sites are shown in red. rare Examine the interactive globe. Find the boundary between the North American and Cocos plates. South America plate, Pacific plate, Antarctic plate, Cocos plate. Solved Question 1 (1 point) Saved Unclick all the other - Chegg It is released when the oceanic crust is heats and then rises and mixes with the overlying mantle. Much of the stable plate is under water and is called the Caribbean ocean . Credit: Photo Courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. The Pacific Plate is the fastest, followed by the Australian and Nazca Plates. Wrangell, a 14,163 foot (4,317 meter) volcano that last erupted during the early part of the 20th Century. 11.2 Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics - Physical Geology - 2nd Edition The colliding continental material will not be subducted because it is too light (i.e., because it is composed largely of light continental rocks [SIAL]), but the root of the oceanic plate will eventually break off and sink into the mantle. As they were caught in the vise between the converging Juan de Fuca and North American plates, some of the layers were so contorted that they are now in vertical orientations along the coast. This plate is small. What caused the Chile earthquake of 1960? A small piece of California, including . In her version of the Oreo cookie demonstration, the creamy filling is the layers of sediment and basalt on the ocean floor. Rocks in Yosemite, Kings Canyon, Sequoia, and Joshua Tree national parks contain exumed magma chamber rock that formed beneath the ancient volcanoes. (Click on arrows and slide left and right to see labels.). Where are Puerto Rico and Hispaniola located on the plate? What boundary is between the Cocos Plate and the Caribbean plate If two tectonic plates collide, they form a convergent plate boundary. Parks in the Cascadia Subduction Zone dramatically display the two distinct mountain ranges the Coast Range just above where the Juan de Fuca Plate begins to subduct, and the volcanic Cascade Range farther inland, where the top of the plate is deeper. The Cocos plate is a geologically young oceanic tectonic plate.It is beneath the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of Central America. Rainier were to suddenly and violently eruptso much that its magma chamber empties and the volcanic peak collapses in on itself. The Pacific Northwest is an exciting place to observe geologic processes in action. Photo courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. As originally described by Wegener in 1915, the present continents were once all part of a supercontinent, which he termed Pangea (meaning all land). The northern side is a divergent boundary with the Cocos Plate, the Galapagos Rise. Some transform faults connect continental parts of plates. The plates are made up of crust and the lithospheric part of the mantle (Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)), and even though they are moving all the time, and in different directions, there is never a significant amount of space between them. Cocos Plate - Wikipedia Colors denote depth below sea level and elevation on land. Modified from Oregon's Island in the Sky: Geology Road Guide to Marys Peak, by Robert J. Lillie, Wells Creek Publishers, 75 pp., 2017, www.amazon.com/dp/1540611965. Download the official NPS app before your next visit, Accretionary WedgeCoast Ranges [3 parks], Accretionary WedgeSouthern Alaska [1park]. That the Atlantic Ocean rift may have occurred in approximately the same place during two separate events several hundred million years apart is probably no coincidence. The other piece became the Nazca plate.The Cocos plate also broke into two pieces, creating the small Rivera plate. Credit: Photo courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. What are the three types of convergent plate boundaries? Volcanoes in national parks in the Cascades have eruptive personalities that reflect the complex magma systems associated with subduction zones. o The boundary is found far from the North American Plate in the Pacific Ocean The boundary appears to be situated on a mid-ocean ridge ( ) The boundary is found close to the North American Plate. Dramatic examples of these layers in tilted and contorted forms can be found in Olympic National Park and elsewhere along the coast and in the mountains. Because the oceanic crust formed by spreading on the mid-Atlantic ridge is not currently being subducted (except in the Caribbean), the Atlantic Ocean is slowly getting bigger, and the Pacific Ocean is getting smaller. The Philippine Sea Plate has an area of approximately 3400 square kilometers. Australia plate, Eurasia plate, Africa plate, Arabia plate. The distribution and depths of earthquakes in the Caribbean and Central America area are shown in Figure 11.2.3. Convergent boundaries , where two plates are moving toward each other, are of three types, depending on the type of crust present on either side of the boundary oceanic or continental . On Dec. 15, 1989 a jet with 244 passengers and crew was en route from Amsterdam to Anchorage. Juan De Fuca Plate - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Explain why the Nootka Fault is a transform fault, and show the relative sense of motion along the fault with two small arrows. Ancient magma chamber rocks can be exposed if subduction stops and the volcanoes erode away. This plate includes all of Saudi Arabia, and much of the Levant (up to Iraq and Syria). Katmai National Park Half Dome in Yosemite National Park is made of granite that solidified from magma tens of millions of years ago, when a subduction zone extended along the entire west coast. Observations. Transform boundaries are places where plates slide sideways past each other. The apparent line of collision runs between Norway and Sweden, between Scotland and England, through Ireland, through Newfoundland, and the Maritimes, through the northeastern and eastern states, and across the northern end of Florida. The roots of ancient mountain belts, which are present along the eastern margin of North America, the western margin of Europe, and the northwestern margin of Africa, show that these land masses once collided with each other to form a mountain chain, possibly as big as the Himalayas. 20 Million Years Ago The Cocos Plate was created approximately 23 million years ago when the Farallon Plate broke into two pieces, which also created the Nazca Plate. Modified from The Geology of our National Parks, Monuments and Seashores, by Robert J. Lillie, New York, W. W. Norton and Company, 298 pp., 2005, www.amazon.com/dp/0134905172. The 1,200-kilometer-long San Andreas fault zone is part of the boundary between the Pacific and North American plates, and thus is known as a transform fault. See Appendix 3 for Exercise 10.5 answers. In this region, the Cocos Plate is subducting beneath the North America and Caribbean Plates (ocean-continent convergence), and the South and North America Plates are subducting beneath the Caribbean Plate (ocean-ocean convergence). Transform faults are not limited to oceanic crust and spreading centers; many of them are on continental margins. Usually, one of the converging plates will move beneath the other, a process known as subduction. The two parallel mountain ranges influence many of the physical and cultural aspects of the Pacific Northwest. Individual earthquakes can offset or lift the land a fraction of an inch or a few inches (centimeters) at a time. The part of California west of the San Andreas Fault and all of Baja California are on the Pacific Plate. What type of plate boundaies are found between the Cocos, Nazca, and Pacific plates? A continent-continent collision occurs when a continent or large island that has been moved along with subducting oceanic crust collides with another continent (Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\)). The Sierra Nevada are a remnant of volcanoes that extended southward when the ancient Farallon Plate dove beneath the edge of North America. Solved Match each plate boundary with its appropriate type. | Chegg.com Layers of pillow basalt exposed at NPS sites in the Coastal Ranges are evidence that lava flows that formed in the Pacific Ocean were later scraped off the subducting plate and lifted upward as part of the accretionary wedge. Plate Boundaries Divergent UU) Transform North American Plate Convergent Other Plate Motion Caribbean Plate Indias Plate motion vectors rotated based on the direction of plate movement Cocos Plate Pacific Plate South American Plate Google Earth Z age Landsat / Copernicus ata SIO, NOAA . Credit: Photo Courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. Visitors can witness mountains as they are forming, and sometimes experience the accompanying earthquake and volcanic activity. Rainier National Park is an active composite volcano rising more than 14,000 feet above sea level. What type of boundary is the Cocos Plate? Subduction in the Pacific Northwest creates incredible beauty in the form of coastlines, mountains, and valleysiconic features of the many National Park Service sites in the region. Volcanic and metamorphic rocks exposed in Kenai Fjords National Park reveal the incredible forces that occur at an ocean/continent subduction zone. Examine the figure below. Most of this water is present within the sheet silicate mineral serpentine which is derived from alteration of pyroxene and olivine near the spreading ridge shortly after the rocks formation. The Sierra Nevada are the eroded remnants of the volcanic arc developed when the Farallon Plate subducted beneath the continent. Mazama, violently erupted 7,700 years ago. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. (Click on arrows and slide left and right to see labels.). Photo courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. The resulting magmas can therefore have a variety of compositions, ranging from the original (low-silica) basalt, to (intermediate-silica) andesite, all the way up to (high-silica) rhyolite. A forearc basin develops in the low area between the two mountain ranges. Plates move as rigid bodies, so it may seem surprising that the North American Plate can be moving at different rates in different places. Trees along the Washington coast were killed by salt-water invasion when the land suddenly dropped during the last great Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquake in the year 1700. Transform faults do not just connect divergent boundaries. Start with the major plates, and then work on the smaller ones. Garibaldi in southern British Columbia, through Washington and Oregon, to Lassen Peak in northern California. Left image The San Andreas Fault and Queen Charlotte Fault are transform plate boundaries developing where the Pacific Plate moves northward past the North American Plate. This plate is moving northwest towards the Australia, Filipino, and Eurasia plates. The same forces that shift the land so dramatically also gradually build spectacular landscapes like the coastlines of the Pacific Northwest. NPS photo. This plate is moving north north east towards the Eurasia plate. . To the east it limits with the Caribbean plate, which is located in the Caribbean Sea and in the north of South America. Photo courtesy of Robert J. Lillie. Contents1 What boundary [] Regional tectonics of Central America are mainly controlled by the collision of the Cocos and the Caribbean plates. North American Tectonic Plates | Facts, Movement & Locations - Video the East Pacific Rise has created rift valleys where the Pacific plate is separating from the North American plate, Cocos plate, . This plate moves north and slightly west towards the Caribbean plate and the North America plate. The lake partially fills a collapsed crater (caldera) that formed when a 12,000-foot (3,700-meter) composite volcano, Mt. As the Juan de Fuca Plate (lower cookie) subducts beneath the North American Plate (upper cookie), the layers are scraped off the ocean floor and pile up as the Coast Range. Katmai volcano did collapse, but unlike Mt. The Nazca plate is a large tectonic plate that underlies the Pacific Ocean near the western coast of South America. What are the 4 types of plate boundaries? The resulting magma ascends through the crust, producing a mountain chain with many volcanoes. The part of the plate around the Australia plate is moving southwards. Listing total number of features into an ArcGIS Online feature pop-up, Convergent boundaries: where two plates are colliding. The Guerrero and Oaxaca regions of southern Mexico also experience regular SSEs. North America plate, Africa plate, Australia plate, Arabia plate, India plate, Filipino plate. Plate Tectonics and Our National ParksSite Index, Plate TectonicsThe Unifying Theory of Geology, Tectonic Settings of NPS SitesMaster List, ORCAOregon Caves National Monument, Oregon [, SEKIKings Canyon National Park, California[, YOSEYosemite National Park, California[. The best example is the San Andreas Fault on the Pacific coast of the United States. By the end of 1967 the Earths surface had been mapped into a series of plates (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). USGS photo. Most of the sedimentary rocks formed from layers of sand and mud deposited in the ocean. Is the Nazca Plate a convergent boundary? St. Helens, a lava dome later grew within the breached crater near the mountains summit. Caribbean Plate Tectonics Defined by Global Positioning System - UNAVCO The buoyancy of the mantle plume material creates a dome within the crust, causing it to fracture in a radial pattern, with three arms spaced at approximately 120 (Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\)). Kenai Fjords National Park The largest earthquakes occur near the surface where the subducting plate is still cold and strong. Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are all found in abundance. EESA06 Module 4 Flashcards | Quizlet Introduction The Cocos Plate is a relatively small sized, triangular-shaped oceanic plate located just west of Mexico and the Caribbean. WrangellSt. But if the lava spills out from beneath the ocean, it encounters cold water and hardens quickly as a pile of pillows. Five park sites in southern Alaska showcase landscapes formed by the subduction of the northward-moving Pacific Plate beneath North America. The original composite volcano was about 7,000 feet (2,000 meters) high, but lost about 2,500 feet (750 meters) of its height. There is strong evidence around the margins of the Atlantic Ocean that this process has taken place before. What type of boundary is the San Andreas Fault? The devastating 1985 Mexico City earthquake and the 2017 Chiapas earthquake were results of the subduction of the Cocos Plate beneath the North American Plate. When rifting of Pangea started at approximately 200 Ma, the fissuring was along a different line from the line of the earlier collision. 40 Million Years Ago They are part of the volcanic arc that extends northeastward from the Aleutian Islands, across the Alaska Peninsula and Aniakchak National Monument, Katmai and Lake Clark national parks, and then bends eastward to Wrangell-St. Elias National Park. Along much of the boundary, the bulk of the motion occurs along the San Andreas Fault. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Rainier, a composite volcano rising to over 14,000 feet above sea level in Mt. The inset shows these plates to be the Cocos plate and the North American plate. What type of plate boundary is the Cocos Plate? - Studybuff Shasta in California, and other Cascade Volcanoes. Farther east the Juan de Fuca Plate descends deeper and deeper. Compared to the other tectonic plates in the region, the Cocos Plate is converging with the Caribbean Plate at a steady rate of about 78 millimeters per year based on data from ISCO over 10 months. The boundary between the Pacific and North American plates in California is a transform plate boundary marked by the San Andreas strike-slip fault. Before we talk about processes at plate boundaries, its important to point out that there are never gaps between plates. Rather, it flowed underground to a vent 6 miles (10 kilometers) away! For example the Juan de Fuca Plate is actually three separate plates (Gorda, Juan de Fuca, and Explorer) that all move in the same general direction but at slightly different rates. Mantle flow in the RiveraCocos subduction zone - OUP Academic The rising hot water causes overlying rock to melt, generating magma that at times erupts out on the surface as lava flows and other materials forming Mt. Increased temperature and pressure at that depth cause the rocks to metamorphose and dehydrate (sweat). The North American plate is moving to the west-southwest at about 2.3 cm (~1 inch) per year driven by the spreading center that created the Atlantic Ocean, the Mid Atlantic Ridge. But thousands of eruptions over less than a million years have built Mount Rainier and other Cascade peaks to elevations of more than 10,000 feet (3,000 meters)! In 1989 and 1990, Mt. Solved Examine the figure below. What type of plate - Chegg Convergent Plate BoundariesSubduction Zones - National Park Service And very large parks in the Southern Alaska Subduction Zone display magnificent mountains, rock layers and active volcanoes that tell the story ongoing plate convergence along the North Pacific Coast. Some of the processes taking place in this setting include: Spreading is hypothesized to start within a continental area with up-warping or doming related to an underlying mantle plume or series of mantle plumes. The Cascade Volcanoes extend in a north-south line from Mt. Lake Clark National Park Solved Tectonic Plates Use this map to answer the following - Chegg Now suppose the subduction processes that form the volcanoes were to stop, shutting off the magma supply that feeds the volcanoes. To the north it borders the North American Plate, which encompasses the entire north of the continent. The mafic magma produced adjacent to the subduction zone rises to the base of the continental crust and leads to partial melting of the crustal rock. Transcribed image text: Match each plate boundary with its appropriate type. Modified from The Geology of our National Parks, Monuments and Seashores, by Robert J. Lillie, New York, W. W. Norton and Company, 298 pp., 2005, www.amazon.com/dp/0134905172.