Results expressed on dry matter basis revealed the seeds contained the following: 2.74% protein, 15.86% crude fat, 7.67% crude fiber, 468.74kcal, 82.01% moisture content, 5.72% ash, 88.98% carbohydrate. Recent trials have added data that suggest a protective effect of AP on risk of cancer. (65) propose that the content of S-adenosyl methionine in apple juice concentrate might account in part for these effects, because comparable effects were observed with S-adenosyl methionine alone. It is speculated that environmental and lifestyle factors, such as reduced intake of dietary antioxidants, are contributing to the rise (51). Unprocessed pomace containing 61% of dietary fiber (DF) and 0.23% of polyphenols (PP) and ethanol- or ethanol/acetone-extracted pomaces containing 66% DF and 0.10% PP and 67% DF and 0.01% PP, respectively, were subjected to a 4 week study in rats. Inflammatory markers and insulin resistance were not affected by any dietary components. The composition of cider as determined by dominant fermentation with pure yeasts : Alwood, William Bradford, 1859-1946 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive The chemical composition of apples and cider. There was also a 1.5-fold increase in SCFA in the fermented samples compared to nonfermented. A small study of absorption in ileostomy patients showed that 66.9100% of ingested apple phenolics were absorbed or metabolized in the small intestine, implying that a range of 033% might reach the colon (25). In a combined investigation using cell and animal models to mimic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug injury, cultured gastric epithelial cells (MKN 28 from a human gastric tubular adenocarcinoma) were exposed to oxidative stress via 2- to 3-h exposure to xanthine oxidase and live rats were subjected to indomethacin, each with or without treatment with phenolic-rich extracts of freeze-dried apple (flesh only). The product can be eaten without fear of pesticides and other harmful impurities. Early research described an inverse association between AP consumption and asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, including bronchitis and emphysema, as well as a general benefit to ventilatory function in healthy individuals as reviewed in (1). The estimated dietary intake of polyphenolic compounds varies widely depending upon methodology, consumption data, the combination of compounds (most commonly flavonoids) included in the analysis, and the food composition database used (6). II. It is estimated that 1.5 million people will suffer an osteoporotic-related fracture each year. The cells were exposed to apple extracts, prepared from fresh fruit (assayed for total phenolic and flavonoid content) across several ranges from 0 to 60 g/L. Apples and AP3, including juices and extracts, have been included in health-related studies around the world due to their rich content of varied phytochemicals. Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits - PMC I. There was a 50% inhibition at a concentration of 45 g/mL and total inhibition at 70 g/mL. In spite of the similar chemical composition between some extracts, the antioxidant capacity determined by Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity differed, suggesting that there are unknown compounds accounting for the observed antioxidant effects of AP. A hospital-based, case-control study published in 2005 included over 6000 participants from various regions in Italy and examined the association between fresh apple intake and risk of cancer (14). Flavonoids are further divided into different classes based on molecular structure, several of which are present in significant quantities in AP, including flavanols, flavonols, and anthocyanidins as well as dihydrochalcones and hydroxycinnamic acids (3). The data were based on dietary assessment questionnaires from a prospective cohort of 478,590 male and female participants in 23 centers from 10 European countries. Thirteen pure compounds were identified as triterpenoids and tested for antiproliferative activity against human liver cancer cells (HepG2), as well as human breast cancer and colon cancer cells (MCF-7 and Caco-2, respectively). Further examination demonstrated that apple juice intake reduced a compensatory increase in the endogenous antioxidant glutathione, suggesting that the antioxidant activity of apple juice accounts in part for the observed protective effects in animals subject to dietary and genetic oxidative stress and a potential neuroprotective effect of AP under these conditions (59). Chemical composition of apple fruit, juice and pomace and the correlation between phenolic content, enzymatic activity and browning MartinaPersic MajaMikulic-Petkovsek AnaSlatnar RobertVeberic https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2017.04.017 Get rights and content Apple fruit, pomace and juice characterized by different phenolic groups. Apple cider vinegar - Wikipedia PDF chemical composition of apples (44) suggested that their use of total oxidant scavenging activity would be an effective test against 3 physiologically relevant ROS in realistic conditions. Histological analysis showed that consumption of the apple extract also reduced the proportion of highly malignant adenocarcinoma in a dose-dependent manner from 81.3% in the control group to ~57, 50, and 23% in the low, middle, and high doses of apple extracts, respectively, over 24 wk. pandamonium. The composition of apples in relation to cider and vinegar production. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. (55) examined the effect of AP on the presence of asthma diagnosis and symptoms (defined as wheeze) in children in the UK. Other enzymes related to cancer etiology are also favorably affected by AP (24). Which polyphenolic compounds contribute to the total antioxidant activities of apple? The purpose of the present review is to provide an updated summary and analysis of recent findings related to AP and associated compounds with a particular focus on their potential role(s) in disease risk and general human health. Add a Comment. The effects of AP on specific enzymes involved in colon carcinogenesis have been examined. Cancer chemopreventive potential of apples, apple juice, and apple components, Polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of new and old apple varieties, Estimated dietary flavonoid intake and major food sources in U.S. adults, Daily consumption of phenolics and total antioxidant capacity from fruits and vegetables in the American diet, Flavonol and flavone intakes in US health professionals, Dietary flavonoids and cancer risk in the Zutphen Elderly Study, Apple polyphenols and products formed in the gut differently inhibit survival of human cell lines derived from colon adenoma (LT97) and carcinoma (HT29), Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. It was found that the accumulation of esterified cholesterol decreased and the secretion of apo-B (B-48 and B-100) containing lipoproteins was reduced. In conclusion, the data related to AP and disease risk reduction are provocative and varied. There is no detailed breakdown of the relative proportion of apples compared to pears, but the authors noted that in general hard fruits were consumed in greater quantities than all other subgroups of fruit. Additional work from this laboratory using mice with genetically induced oxidative stress (an ApoE-deficient strain) showed that 1 mo of apple juice concentrate intake reduced the accumulation of ROS in brain tissue and attenuated cognitive impairment (60, 61). 42. It was shown that in maternal groups with progressively greater apple intake ranging from 01/wk to 14/wk to >4/wk, there was a significant and linear reduction in diagnosed asthma as well as reduced reports of ever having wheezed or ever having asthma among the nearly 1200 5-y olds in the study. There are current data suggesting that AP might be linked to reduced risk of several forms of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and asthma. The reduction in NF-B activity observed in these studies aligns with the suppression of cell proliferation by AP reported in many investigations. Iodine solution, alcohol solution. List of Chemicals Dangerous Chemicals in Everyday Products 2. Their review included an overview of the positive association between AP and health benefits demonstrated in observational studies (1). In vitro work has demonstrated that several important pathways and processes involved in carcinogenesis are affected by AP and phytochemicals in AP. However, no varietal differences were observed in the chemical or microscopic analysis of cloud material. Liu et al. The estrogen-negative cells exhibited a greater sensitivity to the apple extracts than the estrogen-responsive model. Although the SCFA were not correlated with inhibition of growth in this study, it is known that SCFA can stimulate pathways of growth arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis. Chemical compositional characterization of some apple cultivars Dianne A. Hyson, A Comprehensive Review of Apples and Apple Components and Their Relationship to Human Health, Advances in Nutrition, Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2011, Pages 408420, https://doi.org/10.3945/an.111.000513. 1. Chemical Composition, Nutritional Properties and Antioxidant Activity (20) crushed and extracted juice from cider and table apples harvested in Germany to prepare several polyphenolic mixtures, including one extract from apple pomace. The data are presented in the context of colon cancer, followed by breast cancer and general studies. Shea et al. Tumor size as a significant prognostic factor in T1 gastric cancer: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database analysis. Furthermore, AP are available on a year-round basis and the per capita utilization of apples and AP in the United States has been on the rise over the past several years (10). However, there are provocative data suggesting that mechanisms beyond antioxidant effects are important, including suppression of neurotoxic mediators in Alzheimer's disease. Extracts of apple pulp were shown to release NO from human saliva under acidic conditions, prompting the authors to propose a possible gastroprotective role of AP in mediating and scavenging of nitrogen oxides. James Kennedy. A few studies have evaluated the potential of AP to prevent or reduce injury to gastric mucosa by drugs (75). Chemical composition of apple fruit, juice and pomace and the In the United States, twenty-two percent of the phenolics consumed from fruits are from apples making them the largest source of phenolics [13]. The results showed that apple juice was a fairly effective antioxidant compared to other juices against some ROS (peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals) but less effective against peroxynitrite. [12] Both products also reduced the percentage of aortic surface area covered by foam cells (aortic fatty streak lesion area) by 48% in the apple group and 60% in the apple juice group compared to controls. Although further work is needed to extrapolate these findings to clinical outcomes, it is promising that there are multiple plausible mechanisms by which AP intake might reduce the risk of cancer in humans. Apple juice preparations, including a cloudy (higher procyanidin and pectin) and a clear juice preparation, reduced important markers, including DNA damage and hyperproliferation and lowered the number of large aberrant crypt foci in the distal colon. Although further work is needed to extrapolate these findings to clinical outcomes, it is promising that there are multiple plausible mechanisms by which AP intake might reduce the risk of cancer in humans. In a 100 gram (ml) reference amount, it provides 22 calories, with negligible content of micronutrients. Although there is a trend toward studying polyphenol-enriched extracts or isolated constituents and fewer clinical studies since the last review of AP and health, several investigators note that native AP and extracts are often more effective than individual compounds or synthetic mixtures of compounds. New data have suggested a possible link between AP consumption and reduced risk of diabetes. Chemical Resistance of Plastics - Curbell Plastics A similar pattern of beneficial association was present when the groups were stratified by age, energy intake, vegetable consumption, smoking, and BMI. Research has shown that biologically active components in plant-based foods, particularly phytochemicals, have important potential to modulate many processes in the development of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, pulmonary disorders, Alzheimer's disease, and other degenerative disease states. A detailed report of apple phytochemicals and their health benefits was published by Boyer and Liu (1) in 2004. In a cross-over study, 15 healthy female participants 1950 y (mean 24.6 y) old each consumed a 500-kcal test meal on 3 different occasions consisting of either fresh peeled apples, unsweetened canned apple sauce, or candy. It has been proposed that an integrated approach incorporating antioxidant capacity values from several different assays in a validated statistical model might provide a more accurate assessment of the relative antioxidant capacity of foods (46). Many investigators have taken great care to control for confounding variables known to affect lung health, but it is likely that unknown dietary and lifestyle factors have important effects. 37 First, 150 L of a CHE extract aqueous solution (1 mg mL 1), 150 L of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, 600 L of water and 1500 L of sodium carbonate solution (7% w/v) were mixed.The reaction mixture was stirred for five minutes and stored in the dark . Hyson, no conflicts of interest. Commercial apple juice in Germany was tested among other fruit juices. Feeding the extract to rats for 3 wk resulted in significant dose-dependent reductions in several markers of lipid metabolism including reduced lipoperoxides (measured by TBARS) in serum and liver, lowered SOD activity in RBC, lower hepatic 6 desaturase activity, altered fecal excretion patterns, and reduced levels of oxidized cholesterol products in serum and liver. The current report focused on studies published since the last review of AP and health in 2004 (1). Although this was a small study, the moderate amount of apple juice and the prolonged antioxidant effect are positive indicators of AP potential to mitigate oxidation. Composition of apple wastes used as raw materials; comparison of the elemental composition of the materials from the as-received apple waste and from the residue kept in air for 8 days; TGA and DTA curves for the pyrolysis of apple pomace under N 2 at 20 C min -1 . The available data show preliminary but intriguing potential of AP to modulate some of these processes in animal models. 3. As is clear from table 1, carbohydrates are a major constituent of apples. The men were fed a restrictive, antioxidant-poor diet for 48 h followed by the apple challenge. Interestingly, a subsequent analysis of this work showed that urate, but not ascorbate, levels were correlated with the increase in FRAP (39). Only a few studies have examined AP but preliminary observations suggest that AP may have a positive impact on markers related to bone health. Hydrochloric acid, aqueous solution 36%. However, detailed analysis of the nutrient content and antioxidant properties of the seeds and pulp has not yet been reported. These data support the potential of antioxidant activity to improve markers related to behavioral changes associated with the aging process. Subsequent work by the same investigators provided a detailed analysis of the extent of metabolization of polyphenolic compounds after digestion and absorption. Kern et al. Studies aimed at ranking in vitro antioxidant capacity of AP have been inconsistent as have those of other fruits and vegetables; some investigations rank antioxidant capacity as relatively poor, whereas others report good antioxidant activity compared to other fruits (45). In general, AP are among the top 3 or 4 dietary sources of total phenolics consumed in America and worldwide (79). Ogino et al. A follow-up mechanistic study using a similar approach with polyphenol-rich apple extract was conducted to examine the effect of fermentation-generated SCFA on inhibition of histone deacetylase in 2 colon cancer cell lines, including HT29 and Caco-2 (26). Follow-up work with this model to further characterize the effects of the fresh apple extract demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of markers of cell proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) and down regulation of the cell cycle in mammary tumor cells (cyclin D1 protein expression) (28). There are several thousand phytochemicals present in whole foods and there is still limited characterization of the bioavailability and metabolism of these compounds in AP. The sense of smell can detect odors are extremely low concentrations . One recent investigation focused on isolating and identifying bioactive compounds in apple peel associated with antiproliferative activity (32). Rats were fed 2 different preparations of apple juice pressed from a mixture of apples to determine if 7 wk of daily consumption protected the mucosa from 1,2-dimethylhydrazineinduced genotoxic damage. A recent study in hamsters evaluated the effects of adding daily apples and apple juice (pressed from fresh apples) to an atherogenic diet on lipids, oxidative markers, and early aortic lesions (47). Similar results were found in cells exposed to an enriched extract of procyanidins (flavanols, catechin, and epicatechin). Women in the highest quartile of apple intake compared to the lowest quartile had a significantly lower incidence of asthma. Review of 93 intervention studies. The reviewed studies do not prove cause and effect and further work remains to be done. It is estimated that over 80 million American adults (1 in 3 and particularly adults older than 60 y) have one or more types of cardiovascular disease. There was a significant reduction of preneoplastic lesions in the animals exposed to the apple phytochemicals, including 50% fewer aberrant crypts. The physical and chemical characteristics determined were, fruit length and diameter, single fruit weight, juice percentage, total soluble solids (TSS), acidity. The most effective compounds on all antioxidative parameters included quercetin and phloretin. Research in animals allows for detailed analyses of the effect of AP on lipid parameters beyond simply measuring lipid levels in plasma. Overproduction and/or overexposure to oxidants in the body can result in an imbalance leading to cellular damage. aluminum oxide, a white powder that contains a 2:3 ratio of aluminum and oxygen atoms. Fifteen apple cultivars grown in two locations in Norway were investigated for their chemical composition, including polyphenol profiles. Fruit and vegetable consumption and lung cancer risk: Updated information from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), Cloudy apple juice decreases DNA damage, hyperproliferation and aberrant crypt foci development in the distal colon of DMH-initiated rats, Cloudy apple juice is more effective than apple polyphenols and an apple juice derived cloud fraction in a rat model of colon carcinogenesis, Chemopreventive properties of apple procyanidins on human colon cancer-derived metastatic SW620 cells and in a rat model of colon carcinogenesis, Polyphenolic apple juice extracts and their major constituents reduce oxidative damage in human colon cell lines, Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in vitro by fruit and berry extracts and correlations with antioxidant levels, Potentiation of apple procyanidin-triggered apoptosis by the polyamine oxidase inactivator MDL 72527 in human colon cancer-derived metastatic cells, Apple polyphenols affect protein kinase C activity and the onset of apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cells, Apple flavonoids inhibit growth of HT29 human colon cancer cells and modulate expression of genes involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotics, Colonic availability of apple polyphenols: a study in ileostomy subjects, Histone-deacetylase inhibition and butyrate formation: fecal slurry incubations with apple pectin and apple juice extracts, Fresh apples suppress mammary carcinogenesis and proliferative activity and induce apoptosis in mammary tumors of the Sprague Dawley rat, Effect of selected phytochemicals and apple extracts on NF-B activation in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, Apple phytochemical extracts inhibit proliferation of estrogen-dependent and estrogen-independent human breast cancer cells through cell cycle modulation, Effect of apple extracts on NF-{kappa}B activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, Triterpenoids isolated from apple peels have potent antiproliferative activity and may be partially responsible for apple's anticancer activity, Heart disease and stroke statistics: 2008 statistics update at a glance, Flavonoid intake and coronary mortality in Finland: a cohort study, Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease; the Zutphen Elderly Study, Effects of apple consumption on plasma and erythrocyte antioxidant parameters in elderly subjects, Comparison of the antioxidant activities of nine different fruits in human plasma, Relevance of apple consumption for protection against oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide in human lymphocytes, The increase in human plasma antioxidant capacity after apple consumption is due to the metabolic effect of fructose on urate, not apple-derived antioxidant flavonoids, Efficiency of apples, strawberries, and tomatoes for reduction of oxidative stress in pigs as a model for humans, Relevance of apple polyphenols as antioxidants in human plasma: contrasting in vitro and in vivo effects, Free-radical-scavenging and antioxidant activities of secondary metabolites from Reddened Cv. Ongoing work continues to further delineate multiple mechanisms by which AP might be protective and suggests great promise. As such, it would be inaccurate to conclusively state that apples alone induce weight loss on the basis of this study. Apples increase nitric oxide production by human saliva at the acidic pH of the stomach: a new biological function for polyphenols with a catechol group? Dina Spector. Caco-2/TC7 cells were exposed to apple extract, including a polyphenolic concentration equivalent to the consumption of 3 apples/d. 31 List of Chemicals in an Apple - Main Ingredients - Quora Answer (1 of 3): alpha linolenic acid Pantothenic acid Ferulic acid Asparagine D-categin Isoquercetin Neoxanthin Lutein Riboflavin alpha linolenic acid Pantothenic acid Ferulic acid Asparagine D-categin Isoquercetin Neoxanthin Lutein Riboflavin Something went wrong. The type of molecule that produces an odor is called an aroma compound or an odorant. Plasma levels of HDL cholesterol increased and liver TG content decreased, although plasma TG levels were somewhat higher. PDF chemical composition of apples Only 12.7% of the ingested compounds in cloudy apple juice reached the end of the intestine in unmetabolized form, whereas 22.3% were recovered as metabolites. Apple intake increased plasma total antioxidant activity by 64% at 3 and 6 h postconsumption compared to a water control, with resumption to baseline by 24 h after the test. To measure the animal response to dietary . Polysaccharides extracted from mulberry fruits (Morus nigra L.): antioxidant effect of ameliorating H. Predictors and characteristics of Rib fracture following SBRT for lung tumors. (42). There is also inconsistency in the correlation between in vitro outcomes and in vivo antioxidant activity mediated by AP. A group of Finnish women consuming >71 g of apple/d experienced a 43% reduction in coronary mortality compared to women who did not eat apples. The combined phytochemical and nutrient profiles in AP suggests their potential to be powerful in the prevention of several chronic conditions in humans. Anti-vaxxer vs. chemical composition of an apple. As reviewed by Boyer and Liu (1), there were several reports prior to 2004 demonstrating that AP intake was associated with reduced risk of cancer, particularly lung cancer in cohort and case-control studies. It was found that consuming one or more medium-sized apples (166 g)/d was associated with a reduction in risk of cancer compared to consumption of <1 apple/d. The only ingredients that are supposed to be in an apple are sunlight, natural goodness, health, positivity, happiness, and a little bit of love. Chemical Composition of Natural and Polyphenol-free Apple Pomace and Apple feeding significantly reduced the concentration of the oxidative marker MDA in urine to levels lower than those in healthy control animals. Checkmate, atheists. Apples | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Study of physico-chemical composition of Red Delicious and Amri apple Several investigators have proposed that unknown compounds beyond those currently examined and characterized in AP might account for improved health and be linked to reduced risk of disease. Fecal fermentation resulted in a degradation of 99.9% of the parent polyphenols except for complex structures. Recent work suggests that these products may also be associated with improved outcomes related to cognitive decline of normal aging, diabetes, weight management, bone health, pulmonary function, and gastrointestinal protection. I thought it might be interesting to list the top 20 organic and inorganic compounds of something like an . Very preliminary in vitro evidence indicates that compounds from AP could be protective against gastric ulcer. An estimated 10 million Americans over age 50 y have osteoporosis and another 34 million are at risk (71). Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous solution 0.5%. The antioxidant mechanisms described in many studies have important implications for a protective effect of AP on not only cancer but also cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, asthma, and potentially diabetes. Search for other works by this author on: Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits, Effects of dietary flavonoids on apoptotic pathways related to cancer chemoprevention. selenium. The calculated intake of phenols was comparable to dietary intake in humans (930 mg in apple group; 1100 mg in apple juice group). They observed an increase in FRAP and a correlated increase in plasma urate levels, leading them to speculate that fructose-mediated urate production might account for their observations. Another study of AP was conducted in ovariectomized rats subjected to inflammation as a physiologic model of the postmenopausal state in humans (74). Apple juice concentrate may work by other mechanisms, including the ability to suppress overexpression of presenilin-1, which is linked to the production of amyloid peptide, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (63, 64). The authors are among the few to address the potential importance of pH in flavonoid-mediated activity. Apple also decreased the presence of ROS generated by hydrogen peroxide exposure in lymphocytes isolated from each participant at 3 and 6 h after the apple test meal. The investigators tested for the ability of apple to protect against DNA damage in cultured lymphocytes isolated after apple exposure and found a significant protective effect at 3 h with a gradual loss of protection 24 h postconsumption. It was found that apple consumption increased antioxidant enzymes, including SOD and glutathione peroxidase, in erythrocytes and overall antioxidant potential in plasma. Selected polyphenols in apples and apple products. 36081 points 635 comments. Apples were identified as the only flavonoid-rich food that might be protective. It has been proposed that assessment of total oxidant scavenging activity might overcome the inconsistencies observed in other assays. One widely studied mechanism related to cancer is oxidation. Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. (31). The highest quartile of intake was > 47 g of apple/d, which approximates one-third of a medium-sized apple. Future studies, including well-conducted clinical trials using whole apple preparations and juice, are clearly warranted. Example 3.4. One study published by a different group in 2006 did not find an association between fruit intake (reported in a semiquantitative FFQ) and several endpoints related to diagnosed asthma in Dutch children (57). A recent animal study indicated that AP are potentially important in counteracting dietary prooxidants. freshly squeezed orange juice. As summarized below, recent studies demonstrate the potential of AP to mitigate many metabolic processes associated with the etiology of cancer at various stages.