difference between rodents and lagomorphs difference between rodents and lagomorphs

Epidemic and endemic hepatitis in India: Evidence for a non-A. Sridhar, S.; Teng, J.L.L. Rabbit as a novel animal model for hepatitis E virus infection and vaccine evaluation. These are about the size of their Forty-two female rabbits were split into seven groups, with two groups administered with a preventative vaccine and one group with PBS. See further details. Hence, they confirmed that HEV infection in newborn kits from infected mothers supported the vertical transmission of HEV. However, despite how well known this animal is, we have to clarify quite a common mistake that people make: rabbits arent rodents. ; Othman, E.R. All rights reserved. ; Wei, R.J.; Wang, S.N. High mortality associated with an outbreak of hepatitis E among displaced persons in Darfur, Sudan. In contrast, the smaller pikas have shorter, rounded ears, no external tail, and less-well-developed hind limbs associated with scampering locomotion. This is the only difference, so while rabbits are very similar to rodents, they are not rodents. The rodent is the largest order of animals, and it is estimated that nearly half of all mammal species are rodents. (This article belongs to the Special Issue. ; Gregory, A.R. The divergence between rodents and lagomorphs is placed just at the K-T boundary and the first splits among placentals in the Late Cretaceous. They are found in all parts of the world and are known for their ability to reproduce quickly. For example, a rat will have four fingers on their front limbs and five on their hind limbs. A comparison of the histological structure of the placenta in experimental animals. The only living families in the Small mammals such as rodents and lagomorphs exhibit extremely rapid foetal and neonatal growth rates and thus already have very short gestation periods (Swihart 1984; Wilson et al. Xing, L.; Wang, J.C.; Li, T.C. ; Groner, B. Hormonal response region in the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat can be dissociated from the proviral promoter and has enhancer properties. The experimental infection of pigs with gt3 HEV during gestation did not lead to enhanced morbidity or death. Chandra, V.; Taneja, S.; Kalia, M.; Jameel, S. Molecular biology and pathogenesis of hepatitis E virus. Rabbits do not belong to the Rodentia order, they are lagomorphs (Lagomorpha order). ; Mcilwain, D.; Tsai, A.S.; Tingle, M.; Van Gassen, S.; Gaudilliere, D.K. Experiments that compare and contrast the tried-and-true natural HEV infection models, such as swine and non-human primates, which fail to induce enhanced pregnancy mortality, and the rabbit model in which pregnancy mortality was observed might be a key piece to understanding important differences in the virus and host responses leading to HEV pregnancy mortality. lagomorphs have 4 upper incisor teeth What makes lagomorphs different from rodents? They are characterized by their long, thin tails, big eyes and small size. Role of sex hormones in the Development and Progression of hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular Carcinoma. In addition, multifocal lymphoplasmacytic hepatitis was observed in 15 of 18, 16 of 19, and 9 of 17 pigs from groups 1 to 3, respectively. The major drawback of the pig model regarding pregnancy is the lack of susceptibility to human gt1 and gt2, which is associated with pregnancy mortality in humans. future research directions and describes possible research applications. They have a pair of sharp, chisel-like upper and lower incisors that are continuously growing! ICDDRB. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. Yao, Y.; Li, H.; Ding, J.; Xia, Y.; Wang, L. Progesterone impairs antigen-non-specific immune protection by CD8 T memory cells via interferon-gamma gene hypermethylation. ; Yasutomi, Y.; Lara, J.; Khudyakov, Y.; Schofield, D.; Emerson, S.U. WebRodents have one pair of constantly growing sharp incisors used for feeding; lagomorphs have two pairs. ; Meunier, J.C.; Saliou, J.M. Hepatitis E virus: Animal reservoirs and zoonotic risk. Hall, William C. Rose. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Future perspectives would be designed to a suitable experimental model system resembling in vivo tissue architecture such as organoids, spheroids, bioprinted microtissues, and organ on-chip systems [. ; Meng, X.-J. Yu, W.; Hao, X.; Li, Y.; Yang, C.; Li, Y.; He, Z.; Huang, F. Vertical transmission of hepatitis E virus in pregnant rhesus macaques. However, lagomorph milk is among the richest of that of all mammals, and the young grow rapidly and are generally weaned in about a month. In contrast to them, the control groups did not appear to have any gross histopathology lesions in similar tissues compared to HEV-infected pregnant rabbits. ; Lu, F.M. Characteristics shared by rodents and lagomorphs include ever-growing incisors and a diastema (space) separating the incisors from the cheek teeth. Dekel, N.; Gnainsky, Y.; Granot, I.; Racicot, K.; Mor, G. The role of inflammation for a successful implantation. **What can naked mole rats tell us about aging? Avian reproductive anatomy, physiology and endocrinology. ; Emerson, S.U. ; Khashbah, M.Y. ; Kim, Y.H. ; Keyes, P.L. Rein, D.B. ; Khudyakov, Y.E. Salek Farrokhi, A.; Zarnani, A.H.; Moazzeni, S.M. ; Ticehurst, J.; London, W.; Purcell, R.H. ELISA for Antibody to Hepatitis E virus (HEV) Based on Complete Open-Reading Frame-2 Protein Expressed in Insect Cells: Identification of HEV Infection in Primates. Payne, C.J. This means that they have different characteristics and needs than rodents do. Hatched chicks necropsied at 23 days of age were reported as avian HEV positive for bile and liver samples. Rabbits were originally classified as rodents, but are now part of the order, Lagomorpha. Swine HEV was IV inoculated to 12 gilts at day 79 post-breeding, and six gilts were utilized as a negative control. methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. ; Mubarik, M.M. ; Purcell, R.H. El-Mokhtar, M.A. In the case of any doubt, it's best to consult a trusted specialist. Most species of rodents have hairless limbs and tails, which is different from lagomorphs. Control group placental tissue sections were negative for the HEV RNA and HEV antigen. Ponta, H.; Kennedy, N.; Skroch, P.; Hynes, N.E. Furthermore, liver chemistry summary estimates were not distinct among inoculated and control gilts. The intravenous (IV) inoculation of these SPF rabbits with several strains of rHEV (GenBank No. Seroconversion at approximately 5 wpi was seen in all rabbits and higher antibody levels were maintained by all the rabbits, until the end of the study, with an exception of one rabbit who seroconverted at 22 to 25 wpi and became undetectable thereafter. Spencer, T.E. Hepatitis E virus infection dynamics and organic distribution in naturally infected pigs in a farrow-to-finish farm. Lai, F.; Chen, Q. Humanized Mouse Models for the Study of Infection and Pathogenesis of Human Viruses. In addition, they mentioned that the control groups were negative for anti-HEV antibodies and fecal HEV RNA and had normal ALT and AST levels. ; Bill, C.H., 2nd. They superficially resemble rodents and in older classifications were even included in the order Rodentia, as both possess a set of continuously growing incisor teeth. Also, their habitats are An increase in ALT and AST was seen in three out of four of the remaining rabbits without miscarriage. ; Sun, Z.F. The European hare is the largest Even though both groups of animals gnaw, lagomorphs do so by moving their jaw from right to left, while rodents move theirs from front to back. ; et al. For more information, please refer to Knegendorf, L.; Drave, S.A.; Dao Thi, V.L. Teo, C.G. Lagomorphs differ from rodents in both dentition and jaw structure. ; Elvinger, F.; Toth, T.E. Evolutionary history and population dynamics of hepatitis E virus. Yeh, Y.T. The molecular epidemiology of hepatitis E virus infection. ; Woolcock, P.R. Tsarev, S.A.; Tsareva, T.S. WebWhat are the Similarities Between Rodents and Lagomorphs? Lagomorphs are all herbivores. Meng, X.J. The largest lagomorph is the European hare. Rabbits are also social creatures that enjoy the company of humans or other animals. Murphy, S.P. reproduced the findings of the Ma et al. Inflammatory exudates and hemorrhages were apparent upon histopathological examination, suggesting that severe inflammatory responses were seen in the uterus of terminated mice (middle pregnancy). ; Chadha, M.S. Rabbits come from the family Leporidae and are part of the Lagomorph Order of mammals. ; Cordoba, L.; Dryman, B.A. Tsarev, S.A.; Tsareva, T.S. ; Pierson, F.W. Seroconversion to anti-HEV antibodies occurred at 37 wpi except for one rabbit that demonstrated no seroconversion. As the trimester continues, the external layer of the embryo merges with the endometrium, and the placenta is formed. They are part of the Lagomorph family, and they differ from rodent species by their dental anatomy. It is now recognized that these two orders have long separate evolutionary histories. They revealed that two pigs from each group had no indication of liver enzyme elevation or clinical disease. Rodents and lagomorphs are mammals. The lifespan of wild rabbits: how long d Are Rabbits Mammals? - they are classified as either Sciurognath which have v-shaped jaws or Hystricognath which have a u shaped jaw. Perry, J.S. The infectivity of the orally administered virus was minimal, with only two rabbits displaying fecal shedding and seroconversion [, Interestingly, around 2014, Han et al. After birth, two babies developed hypothermia and hypoglycemia and died within 24 h. On autopsy and liver biopsy, one of these infants had massive necrosis [, To date, there have been no animal models that could recapitulate all the clinical manifestations seen in humans (, An appropriate model system for the study of HEV during pregnancy must address several important criteria, which we summarize here. ; Engler, W.F. Human pregnancy is a complex biological process that includes the interplay of several host organ systems resulting in the development of a fertilized egg into a fully formed baby, which is delivered via live birth over the course of approximately 266 days. Rodents are a mammalian class that includes mice, rats, squirrels, and beavers. ; Amore, A.; et al. What is the difference between mammals and rodents? Their incisors continue to grow throughout their lives, which is also true of rodents and they have a gap between their incisors and the teeth by their cheeks. Furthermore, they did not see a considerable difference in the gross lesions either in gilts, fetuses, or piglets. Transmission of hepatitis E virus from rabbits to cynomolgus macaques. Lagomorphs are a mammalian class that includes rabbits, hares, and pikas. Similarly, fecal shedding was positive for 8 days of hatching. Purdy, M.A. The, Role of Placental, Hormones in Mediating Maternal Adaptations to Support Pregnancy and Lactation. ; Meng, X.J. Overall, while there are many similarities between these two groups of animals, they are distinct in a number of important ways. The authors declare no conflict of interest. ; Bounds, K.R. When it comes to the anatomy of their limbs, lagomorphs have five toes on their front legs and four toes on their back legs. while making an avian HEV infectious fecal stock with a titer of 10, To determine whether the avian HEV in egg whites was infectious, SPF hens (, For the establishment of the vertical transmission model for HEV, avian HEV transmission into newborn chicks was studied. ; Debing, Y.; Brown, R.J.P. Bouwknegt, M.; Rutjes, S.A.; Reusken, C.B. Experimental infection of rabbits with genotype 3 hepatitis E virus produced both chronicity and kidney injury. Well-known rodents include mice, rats, squirrels, prairie dogs, porcupines, beavers, guinea pigs, and hamsters. Khuroo, M.S. The front of the incisors is covered with thick protective layers of enamel. ; Lee, J.B.; Park, S.Y. ; Thacker, B.J. ; Lehman, J.R.; Webb, D.M. The timing of the origin and diversification of rodents remains controversial, due to conflicting results from molecular clocks and paleontological data. However, they cannot produce cellulase enzyme, ; Theaker, J.; Wittenborn, J.S. Rabbits have a smaller set of peg-like teeth behind their top incisors. ; Purdy, M.A. ; Ouyang, Y.Q. Purcell, R.H. Species within these families include European rabbits, European hares, American pikas, and dozens of others. Zhao, C.; Ma, Z.; Harrison, T.J.; Feng, R.; Zhang, C.; Qiao, Z.; Fan, J.; Ma, H.; Li, M.; Song, A.; et al. No special The most distinguishing characteristic is their teeth. Rabbits and hares characteristically have long ears, a short tail, and strong hind limbs that provide a bounding locomotion. The prevalence of Th2-type cytokines establishes an anti-inflammatory state so that maternalfetal interface harmony can be maintained [, In the last stage, which occurs very late in the third trimester, fetal development finishes, and the babys birth is attained through a restored state of inflammation that is backed by Th1-type cytokines and immune cell invasion into the myometrium [. Egg whites from eggs of chickens infected experimentally with avian hepatitis E virus contain infectious virus, but evidence of complete vertical transmission is lacking. The fossil record tends to support an early Cenozoic origin of crown-group rodents. In 2006, Guo et al. What are the two subdivisions of this group? Wang, L.; Wang, L. Animal Models for Hepatitis E virus. WebDifferences between lagomorphs and other mammals Although lagomorphs are more closely related to rodents than any other mammals, the two orders still have some major Kumar, R.M. Positive and negative strands of HEV RNA were discovered in the placental tissues of HEV-infected pregnant rabbits. There are approximately 1,500 species of mammals alive today. interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. Care needs to be taken when choosing established cell lines to ensure that specific cells are reactive to exogenous stimuli such as hormones. Wang, L.; Xia, J.; Wang, L.; Wang, Y. Purcell, R.H.; Engle, R.E. ; Larsen, C.T. Rasheeda, C.A. Rabbits can make good pets for the right person. ; Meng, X.J. ; Reyes, G.R. ; Dama, B.M. ; Xu, L.; Xia, Y.; Cong, C.; Zhang, Y.; Qian, Z.; Li, T.; Wei, D.; et al. MDPI and/or Hepatitis E virus in rabbits, Virginia, USA. The two North American pikas and about half of Asian pikas occupy rocky habitat, where they live without making burrows. Liver, lymph node, small intestine, and colon tissues demonstrated a longer duration of HEV replication when compared to any other tissues. Other common species include beavers, porcupines, squirrels, and capybara. This layout of teeth makes it easy for animals like the mouse to gnaw on food and objects. A novel genotype of hepatitis E virus prevalent among farmed rabbits in China. ; Toth, T.E. Sayed, I.M. While there are many similarities between these two groups of animals, they are distinct in a number of important ways. ; et al. ; Fichorova, R.N. Uncovered forums do not intend to provide veterinary advice. They found that two/six pregnant rabbits had a miscarriage while three of the remaining four HEV-infected pregnant rabbits died. articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without This is because a rabbit has four incisors in the upper jaw (including two non-functional teeth), while rodents only have two. Other differences between rabbits and rodents include their physical appearance, behavior, and range. They are also noted for their impact on native vegetation. Xia, H.; Wahlberg, N.; Belak, S.; Meng, X.J. They also demonstrated positive staining for the HEV antigen in placental tissue through immunohistochemistry (IHC). Further studies that demonstrate how the rabbit model is capable of linking the adverse effects of HEV during pregnancy include the study where six pregnant rabbits from group 2 were infected with HEV, while three pregnant uninfected rabbits were used as a control group. Mesenchymal stem cells therapy protects fetuses from resorption and induces Th2 type cytokines profile in abortion prone mouse model. The global burden of hepatitis E virus genotypes 1 and 2 in 2005. ; Emerson, S.U. Shynlova, O.; Nadeem, L.; Zhang, J.; Dunk, C.; Lye, S. Myometrial activation: Novel concepts underlying labor. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. Here we provide a review of rodent- and lagomorph-mediated seed dispersal based on approximately 600 papers found in an extensive literature search. WebAbstract. ; Tomasi, T.B. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Lagomorphs proverbially are known for their high rates of reproduction, and many species produce many large litters per year. ; Seddik, M.I. Marek, A.; Bilic, I.; Prokofieva, I.; Hess, M. Phylogenetic analysis of avian hepatitis E virus samples from European and Australian chicken flocks supports the existence of a different genus within the Hepeviridae comprising at least three different genotypes. Additionally, it was interesting to know that pigs developed comparatively more severe and persistent lesions when injected with the US-2 strain of human HEV than swine HEV based on microscopic evaluations. Rodents come from the Rodentia order of mammals. All rodents have one thing in common, they have specialized teeth for gnawing. ; Adam, I. Gardinali, N.R. Michelle Provost-Craig, Susan J. Search our database of over 12348 posts with up-to-date information from our experts and veterinarians. February 2, 2022. This is something that we dont see in lagomorphs. Surprisingly, HEV gt1 demonstrated higher susceptibility to chimpanzees in comparison to rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. ; Muscari, F.; Sallusto, F.; Rostaing, L.; Izopet, J. Characteristics of autochthonous hepatitis E virus infection in solid-organ transplant recipients in France. (c) Find the number of microstates for each macrostate, and be sure the total agrees with your answer to part (b). https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess. ; Zack, P.; Shapiro, M.; Purcell, R.H. Di Bartolo, I.; De Sabato, L.; Marata, A.; Martinelli, N.; Magistrali, C.F. ; da Silva, A.C.; Pinto, D.P. **How are rodents classified by jaw shape? ; Baca, Q.; McNeil, L.; Okada, R.; et al. In the US, reports suggest that 71% of chicken flocks and 30% of individuals are infected by avian HEV [. They demonstrated that all HEV-infected rabbits (6/6) of group 1 remained non-pregnant, but 9/12 rabbits of group 2 became pregnant. At 20 dpi, human HEV-inoculated pigs demonstrated hepatic inflammation and hepatocellular necrosis, which peaked in severity, and at 55 dpi, they were found to be moderately severe. The six pregnant rabbits infected with HEV showed persistent fecal virus excretion from as soon as 3 dpi until their death or until the experiment ended. While we provide information resources and canine education, the content here is not a substitute for veterinary guidance. Corrections? The lengthy viremia and fecal shedding in rHEV-infected rabbits resembled human chronic HEV infection. conducted a study with the inocula of 10, In addition, extra-hepatic replication has been mentioned in rHEV-infected rabbits. Early evolution of rodents and lagomorphs. To keep these teeth from growing into their brains, rodents grind their teeth against each other. In contrast, the virulence of the same strain was comparatively higher, as suggested by elevated liver enzymes [, Furthermore, HEV infects different NHPs, including pig-tailed macaques, vervets, owl monkeys, squirrel monkeys, and patas monkeys but tamarins the infections are dubious because infection was not demonstrated in all the inoculated animals [, To examine the virulence between several HEV genotypes, rhesus monkeys were used. ; Green, J.A. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. ; Banerjee, K.; Purcell, R.H. Seroepidemiology of water-borne hepatitis in India and evidence for a third enterically-transmitted hepatitis agent. Also, Rijhsinghani, A.G.; Thompson, K.; Bhatia, S.K. Graff, J.; Torian, U.; Nguyen, H.; Emerson, S.U. However, rabbits are not suited for everyone, and potential owners should do their research before getting one as a pet. In addition, rodents only have tooth enamel on the front of their teeth, which usually has yellowish or orange tones. (a) Considering the numbers of heads and tails, how many macrostates are there when 5 coins are tossed? They confirmed the occurrence of positive-strand HEV RNA in many tissues by RT-PCR. ; Navaneethan, U.; Jayanthi, V. Liver disease in pregnancy and its influence on maternal and fetal mortality: A prospective study from Chennai, Southern India. Both rabbits and rodents each have two lower incisors. Finally, both rabbits and rodents are known for their ability to reproduce quickly. This is because a rabbit has four incisors in the upper jaw (including two non-functional teeth), while rodents only have two. This chapter covers studies dealing with exposure and effects of environmental contaminants on rodent and lagomorph species, including pesticides In the beginning, Glires were neither true rodents nor lagomorphs; we call them basal or stem taxa. ; Lau, S.K.P. In summary, alterations in the Th1:Th2 cell ratio throughout pregnancy can be seen with a significant tilt in the direction of Th2 cells. An ideal animal model, which reliably reproduces all aspects of pregnancy mortality and pathology, associated with human HEV infection during pregnancy, does not currently exist, and finding an amenable system reaching all ideal requirements might not be feasible. WebMany guinea-pig pellets have lower amounts of fiber due to urolithiasis Capybaras have reportedly developed gum disease and signs of scurvy when vitamin C is lacking. ; Guimares, J.R.; Melgao, J.G. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! ; Komas, N.P. ; Haqshenas, G.; Kasorndorkbua, C.; Halbur, P.G. Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 43210, USA. ; Andjaparidze, A.G.; Savinskaya, S.S.; Ketiladze, E.S. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Kasorndorkbua, C.; Thacker, B.J. Moreover, when the human strain (gt1, sar55) was used in mice, RNA levels were reported to be 10, In 2019, Yang et al. Surprisingly, inoculated gilts/piglets showed no HEV-related clinical signs/fever. In addition, rabbits have huge ears, which are their main form of thermoregulation. ; Wee, A.; Aw, P.P. Tsega, E.; Hansson, B.G. The contents of My Animals are written for informational purposes. Molecular datings based on these three genes suggest that the rodent radiation took place at the transition between Paleocene and Eocene. Omissions? Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. While mice have been a workhorse model system for demonstrating many complex biological functions, more study is needed to determine if a truly representative HEV pregnancy model can be established in these animals. Pavio, N.; Meng, X.-J. In 2007, Guo et al. ; Li, J.; Zhu, Y.H. Additionally, rabbits and rodents are both found all over the world. ; Engle, R.E. Therefore, rabbits are part of the lagomorph order and are not part of the Rodentia ordernot classifying them as rodents. Use the search! Rabbits are different from rodents in several ways. One of the most intriguing issues in the hepatitis E virus (HEV) field is the significant increase in mortality rates of the mother and fetus when infection occurs in the second and third trimesters of gestation. Both are rodents but they have some genetic differences rats have 21 pairs of chromosomes and mice have 20 chromosomal pairs. What proportion of chromosomes in a human skin cell are paternal chromosomes. ; Toth, T.E. Laying chickens have been used as a model to assess vertical HEV transmission associated with gt1 infections in pregnant women. Ollie, originally from the USA, holds his master's degree in wildlife biology and moved to Australia to pursue his career and passion but has found a new love for working online and writing about animals of all types. ; Anang, S.; Subramani, C.; Madhvi, A.; Bakshi, K.; Srivastava, A.; Shalimar Nayak, B.; Ranjith Kumar, C.T. Rodents are mostly herbivores, but some are omnivores. For starters, rabbits are not actually rodents they are lagomorphs, along with hares and pikas. Also, examined twenty undamaged eggs gathered at 3 weeks p.i. Legrand-Abravanel, F.; Kamar, N.; Sandres-Saune, K.; Garrouste, C.; Dubois, M.; Mansuy, J.M. ; non-B hepatitis virus aetiology. Lagomorphs are frequently abundant and play an important role in many terrestrial communities as prey species in food chains. Brain Infection by Hepatitis E Virus Probably via Damage of the Blood-Brain, Barrier Due to Alterations of Tight Junction Proteins. Rabbits dont. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Rabbits and other lagomorphs have a so-called clef lip: the upper lip is divided in two. - YouTube What is the difference between lagomorphs and rodents? What You Need To Know! Napso, T.; Yong, H.E.J. Lagomorphs are similar to other mammals in that they all have hair, four limbs (i.e., they are tetrapods), and mammary glands and are endotherms. The pig is valuable for the study of different aspects of zoonotically transmitted HEV replication, pathogenesis, and cross-species infection. ; Kmush, B.; Labrique, A.B. ; Guenette, D.K. ; Wiersma, S.T. How these initial immunological modulations translate into increased mortality risks of patients infected with HEV during the second and third trimesters is not yet clear-cut with the existing data. Leblanc, D.; Ward, P.; Gagne, M.J.; Poitras, E.; Muller, P.; Trottier, Y.L. Presence of hepatitis E virus in a naturally infected swine herd from nursery to slaughter. A similar study has been reported in humans as well, which is thought to be related to host immune status [. Additionally, rabbits are susceptible to a number of health problems, such as dental and gastrointestinal issues, so it is important to work with your veterinarian to ensure that your rabbit stays healthy. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030618, Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. Early evolution of rodents and lagomorphs. ; Purcell, R.H.; Halbur, P.G. They demonstrated that the imbalance of the Th1/Th2 immune condition in HEV-infected mice could be related to the elevated frequency of miscarriage. In 2018, Gouilly et al. Hence, even though egg white was positive for avian HEV, the vertical transmission was not supported due to the absence of the virus in the samples collected from 60 hatched chicks. Ma, H.; Zheng, L.; Liu, Y.; Zhao, C.; Harrison, T.J.; Ma, Y.; Sun, S.; Zhang, J.; Wang, Y.